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Style Sheet for References and Bibliographies

There is no one correct way to write references and bibliographies. It is strongly recommended. however, that you use the following system in writing your essays and reports for this course unless you are confident in the use of an alternative. If you use a different system, it is particularly important that you maintain consistency with that system.

Citations Within The Text
It is very important that any idea you cite be acknowledged. Not citing the source of someone else's idea that you have used in your essay or thesis is plagiarism. Moreover, the use of citations indicates to the reader the breadth of your reading on the topic. Citations are most commonly done in the following way:

Papert (1980) claims that the type of Maths presented to children is not related to their real world experiences.

Many case studies from workshops with teachers and with children are put forward to illustrate the personally meaningful projects which can be supported by the LEGO/Logo environment (Resnick et al, 1988; Ocko et al, 1988; Resnick, 1991; Resnick & Ocko, 1991). Piaget (Greene, 1975; Donaldson, 1978) saw both as dependent on intelligence

The first time a paper with multiple authors is cited, include the names of all authors. If cited subsequently, use et al after the first author.

Every effort should be made to use primary sources. However, if citation of a secondary source cannot be avoided, which usually means it is not available locally and cannot easily be obtained by any other means, it can be cited thus:

Kjolseth (1967, cited in Ervin-Tripp, 1972), whilst not defining topic any more closely …

If the citation is a quotation, the page reference should be included, as in:

However, it has been argued that "students need adequate learning and study skills preparation to be successful navigators in Hypermedia systems" (Gay, Trumbull & Mazur, 1991, p.49).

For Crystal and Davy (1969) conversational English "is without doubt the most commonly used kind of English ... everyone makes use of this kind of English every day." (p 95)

For quotations longer than about two lines of text, the following is a widespread convention:

The three software packages chosen, Alice in Wonderland, Dragon World and Transylvania, may all be categorised as adventure games. These are game which

"place students in a fantasy world. In this world, all decisions and responsibilities are entrusted to students playing the game. Problems and puzzles are presented and need to be resolved before the children can progress. The aim of these games is to accomplish a set task, such as finding certain treasure items within an unknown world or environment." (Bell & Scott, 1985. p. 59)

Such longer quotations should be indented and can appear in inverted commas with or without a smaller font. Alternatively, they can appear in italics, or single spacing in an essay that is otherwise double-spaced.

Footnotes should be kept to a minimum: if it is worth saying it is usually worth saying in the main body of the text.

Bibliographies
A bibliography is any list of books, articles and other publications on a particular subject. Lists of references at the end of a paper, chapter or book are a particular type of bibliography. Care should be taken that all works cited in the main body of the text of an essay or thesis are included in the list of references at the end. Conversely, the list of references should only include works that have been cited in the text.

As with the references within the main body of a text there is no universal. single and correct way to write bibliographies and lists of references. The following conventions are, however, widelv used. Note that the publication itself is highlighted. This can be done with bold type, italics or underlining. When using a word processor, italics is strongly recommended!.

For books:

Kress, G. (1985) Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural Practice. Victoria: Deakin University

Wiersma, W. (1991). Research Methods in Education: An Introduction (5th ed) . Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

If more than one reference to a particular author is made for any one year, or if the author is also a joint author, entry order should be:

Dawes, I & Robertson, T (199la). Hands On: Making Computers Work in the Classroom. Melbourne: OUP.

Dawes, I & Robertson, T. (1991b). Using computers in an integrated curriculum, in McDougall, A (ed.) Computers - Contributing to Chaos or Change?, Proceedings of the 1991 Conference of the Computing in Education Group of Victoria, Melbourne.

For papers within collections:

Resnick, M. & Ocko, S. (1991) LEGO/Logo: learning through and about design in Harel, I. & Papert, S. (eds.) Constructionism. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

McConville, D. & Widmer, J. (1992) Measurement and control in science and computer classrooms in CEGV (ed.) Computing the Clever Country. Proceedings of the tenth annual ACEC Conference, Melbourne, July.

For papers and articles from journals:

Ocko, S. (1987) COM-3 talks with Steve Ocko again... about children working with Logo and Lego. COM-3, 13 (3), 14-15.

McClurg, P. & Kercher, L. (1989). Keyboarding instruction: a comparison of five approaches. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 5 (4), 445-458.

If you cite an unpublished conference paper, thesis or a mimeograph:

Nunan, D. and G. Brindley (1986) A practical framework for Leaner-centred curriculum development. Paper presented at the Twentieth Annual TESOL Convention, California.

Citations of Electronic Sources

Conventions for citing electronic documents are still evolving. The main purposes of citations is to acknowledge the contributions of the original author and to give enough information about the source for others to access it, if necessary. The following are the formats that I use and have been acceptable for publication.

WWW Documents

Example:

Walker, J.R. (1995, April 16). MLA-style citations of electronic sources [WWW document]. URL http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html. Accessed 21/12/2002.

Notes:

• If the name of the author is not available, use the organisation for whom the site is maintained. (Maintainers are not usually the author; they are the people responsible for 'marking up' documents.)
• With WWW documents, the day and month are used as well as the year. Websites alter regularly - some daily - so dates are important. The 'last updated on ...' reference can be used here.
• Include the date you accessed the site.
• The title of the page is written in italics.
• There are many different types of documents on the Internet but most that you will be using will be World Wide Web pages, hence the 'WWW'.
• The URL (universal resource locator) is essential as this is the only information about where this document is to be found.

Electronic Mail or Listserv

Examples:

Smyth, M. (1997, May 16). Hello to Mentors and Mentees. [electronic mail]. m.smyth@unimelb.edu.au

Smyth, M. (1997, May 16). Hello to Mentors and Mentees. [electronic mail]. Personal eMail.

Unimelb-mentors. (1997, May 16). Hello to Mentors and Mentees. [electronic mail]. unimelb-mentors@tisp.unimelb.edu.au

Notes:
The author is the person sending the email - if you can discern this from the message, the group or list & end as where this is the sender and the original author is unknown, or just the email address.

Specific dates - when sent or when received - should be added.

The title is taken from the subject line.

Include personal email addresses only if you feel that publishing this will not be a breach of privacy. (No one's personal address and phone number are listed on the title pages of books, for example.) With the school and university students you will be receiving messages from, it is a good idea to respect privacy by writing ‘personal email' instead of the listing their email address.

Other Document Types
These are too numerous to list in detail and there is no consensus as to format. Use the above examples as a guide. The author, date, title and location are the important elements of a citation.

References

Wlaker, J.A. ( !996, September 8). MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Sources [WWW document]. URL http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html

Land, T. [a.k.a Beads] (1997, May 2). Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) (Rev. 1.4) [WWW document]. URL http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/

John Murnane, July 1999

Adapted from Style Sheet for References and Bibliographies, Applied Linguistics Section, Department of Linguistics and Language Studies, Melbourne University

Last modified: September 8, 2003.